Structural and Functional Studies of Malassezia Sympodialis-derived Allergens
نویسنده
چکیده
Atopic eczema (AE) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterised by pruritic (itchy) skin lesions. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying AE are still unclear, although several factors such as genetic predisposition, a dysfunctional skin barrier, exposure to environmental allergens and skin colonisation with microorganisms appear to be of importance. Malassezia sympodialis is a yeast which is part of our normal cutaneous flora. Approximately 50% of adult AE patients have serum IgE specific for M. sympodialis allergens or display immediate-type skin reactions against crude extracts of this yeast, while such reactivity is rarely observed in other allergic diseases, indicating that sensitization to this yeast is associated with AE. Ten allergens from M. sympodialis have been cloned to date, designated Mala s 1 and Mala s 5-13. Six of these exhibit sequence homology to known proteins whereas four do not. The aim of this thesis has been to gain knowledge of host-microbe interactions of allergens from M. sympodialis in the pathogenic mechanisms of AE and in healthy individuals. This has been accomplished by studying structural properties and cellular interactions, with a special focus on the two allergens Mala s 1 and Mala s 11. Mala s 1 is a major allergen mainly localized in the yeast cell wall and exposed on the cell surface. Interestingly, Mala s 1 does not exhibit any significant sequence homology to known proteins. We have solved the crystal structure of Mala s 1 by singlewavelength anomalous dispersion techniques using selenomethionine-substituted Mala s 1. Mala s 1 folds into a six-fold β-propeller, a novel fold among allergens. The putative active site of Mala s 1 overlaps structurally with putative active sites in potential homologues, Q4P4P8 and Tri 14, from the plant parasites Ustilago maydis and Gibberella zeae, respectively. This resemblance suggests that Mala s 1 and the parasite proteins may have similar functions. In addition, we demonstrate that Mala s 1 binds to phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) (3)-phosphate (P), PtdIns(4)P, and PtdIns(5)P, lipids possibly playing a role in the localization of Mala s 1 to the cell surface. Mala s 11 displays a high degree of sequence homology to human manganese superoxide dismutase (hMnSOD). In AE patients sensitized to M. sympodialis, hMnSOD can elicit positive skin prick tests or atopy patch tests along with binding IgE, suggesting an autoimmune response. We report that Mala s 11 is able to inhibit IgE-binding to hMnSOD and vice versa, indicating that these two homologues share common IgE epitopes. We have also identified residues possibly involved in such cross-reactivity. In addition, we compared the influence of Mala s 11 and hMnSOD on human dendritic antigen presenting cells. Whereas rhMnSOD did not affect the phenotype of monocytederived dendritic cells (DCs), rMala s 11 up-regulated maturation markers and induced significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in the culture supernatants. This suggests that DCs from healthy individuals possess the ability to distinguish between Mala s 11 and hMnSOD despite their high homology. Whether this is also the case for DCs in AE patients remains to be clarified. In summary, we have determined a novel three dimensional structure not previously demonstrated among allergens. We demonstrate the ability of DCs to distinguish between proteins with high sequence homology and we provide a structural basis underlying the autoimmune response to hMnSOD in AE based on IgE-mediated cross-reactivity. Thesis summary in Swedish – Svensk sammanfattning av avhandlingen Strukturell och funktionell analys av allergen från jästsvampen Malassezia sympodialis Atopiskt eksem (AE) är en kronisk hudsjukdom där torr hud och klåda är typiska symptom. Exakt vad som ligger bakom denna sjukdom är ännu inte känt, men faktorer som patientens genetiska bakgrund, en bristfällig hudbarriär, mikroorganismer på hudytan samt allergi anses ha en betydande roll. Vid en allergisk sjukdom reagerar kroppen på ofarliga proteiner i omgivningen genom att producera IgE-antikroppar. Dessa antikroppar kan binda till proteinerna, som då kallas allergen, och denna bindning ligger bakom de allergiska symptomen. Jästsvampen Malassezia sympodialis tillhör den normala hudfloran. Omkring 50% av vuxna AE patienter har IgE-antikroppar mot allergen från M. sympodialis eller positivt pricktest mot M. sympodialis extrakt. Dessa symptom ses sällan hos individer med andra allergiska sjukdomar, vilket tyder på att allergi mot M. sympodialis har en speciell koppling till AE. Hittills har tio allergen från M. sympodialis identifierats. Sex av dessa har likheter i DNA-sekvensen med tidigare kända protein, medan övriga fyra saknar detta. Målet med denna avhandling har varit att öka förståelsen kring interaktionen mellan M. sympodialis allergen och människa samt denna jästsvamps roll vid AE. Detta har gjorts genom att karakterisera den tredimensionella (3D) strukturen hos M. sympodialis allergen samt att studera hur dessa allergen påverkar celler i det mänskliga immunförsvaret. De två allergen som denna avhandling fokuserar på är Mala s 1 och Mala s 11. Allergenet Mala s 1 är lokaliserat i jästens cellvägg och är exponerat på dess cellyta. Detta allergen har ingen likhet i DNA-sekvens med något protein med känd funktion, och följaktligen är även funktionen hos Mala s 1 okänd. Vi har löst 3D strukturen för Mala s 1 och funnit en struktur som aldrig tidigare observerats hos ett allergen. Likheten mellan den del av strukturen som troligtvis innehåller aminosyror av störst vikt för funktionen av Mala s 1 och motsvarande område hos proteiner från växtparasiterna Ustilago maydis och Gibberella zeae tyder på att Mala s 1 och dessa proteiner har liknande funktion. Vi fann även att Mala s 1 binder till fosfatidylinositol, en lipid som kan ha en roll i att transportera Mala s 1 till cellytan. Allergenet Mala s 11 har hög likhet i DNA-sekvens med det mänskliga enzymet mangansuperoxiddismutas (hMnSOD). Vi har visat att Mala s 11 kan hämma bindning av IgE-antikroppar till hMnSOD och vise versa, vilket tyder på att dessa två proteiner har strukturer som kan binda samma IgE-antikropp. Vi har även identifierat vilka aminosyror som skulle kunna vara inblandade i en sådan så kallad korsreaktivitet. Dessa resultat ger på molekylär nivå en trolig förklaring till den autoimmuna reaktionen mot hMnSOD som observerats hos AE patienter allergiska mot M. sympodialis. Vi har även jämfört effekten av Mala s 11 och hMnSOD på antigenpresenterande dendritiska celler (DCs), celler i immunförsvaret som tar upp främmande ämnen och sedan visar upp dem för andra celler i immunförsvaret. Våra resultat tyder på att DCs hos friska individer har förmågan att skilja mellan Mala s 11 och det kroppsegna hMnSOD trots den stora likheten mellan dessa proteiner. Det återstår att visa om DCs hos AE patienter har förlorat denna förmåga. Sammanfattningsvis har dessa studier ökat kunskapen om strukturen hos M. sympodialis allergen. Resultaten har på molekylär nivå givit en förklaring till mekanismerna bakom en autoimmun reaktion på en kroppsegen substans med hög likhet med ett allergen samt påvisat förmågan hos DCs att skilja på proteiner med stor likhet i sekvens. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following articles, which will be referred to in the text by their roman numerals: I. Monica Vilhelmsson*, B. Martin Hallberg*, Omid Rasool, Arezou Zargari, Annika Scheynius and Adnane Achour. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of the Malassezia sympodialis allergen Mala s 1. Acta Cryst. 2006, F62:97-99. *These authors contributed equally to this work. II. Monica Vilhelmsson, Arezou Zargari, Reto Crameri, Omid Rasool, Adnane Achour, Annika Scheynius* and B. Martin Hallberg*. Crystal structure of the major Malassezia sympodialis allergen Mala s 1 reveals a β-propeller fold: A novel fold among allergens. J Mol Biol. 2007, 369:1079-1086. *Shared last authorship III. Monica Vilhelmsson, Catharina Johansson, Gunilla Jacobsson-Ekman, Reto Crameri, Arezou Zargari and Annika Scheynius. The Malassezia sympodialis allergen Mala s 11 induces human dendritic cell maturation, in contrast to its human homologue manganese superoxide dismutase. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007, 143:155-162. IV. Monica Vilhelmsson, Andreas G Glaser, Daniel Badia Martinez, Margit Schmidt, Catharina Johansson, Claudio Rhyner, Kurt D. Berndt, Annika Scheynius, Reto Crameri, Adnane Achour* and Arezou Zargari*. Mutational analysis of amino acid residues involved in IgE-mediated cross-reactivity between the Malassezia sympodialis allergen Mala s 11 and its human homologue manganese superoxide dismutase.
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تاریخ انتشار 2008